Holland, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which McCormick, P.J., Mansfield, Keller, Price, and Womack, J.J., joined. Meyers delivered a concurring opinion, in which Johnson and Keasler, J.J., joined.

The trial court convicted appellant of theft, sentencing him to ten years confinement. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. 31.03 (e)(6). The trial court suspended imposition of this sentence and placed appellant on community supervision for a period of ten years. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. Art. 42.12 6. As a condition of probation, appellant was ordered to pay a total of $66,412.88 in restitution to nine separate victims. See Article 42.12 11. In a single point of error, appellant argued on direct appeal that the trial court could not order restitution for debts which had been discharged in bankruptcy proceedings. Stating that appellant failed to show the trial court's order of restitution was an abuse of discretion, the court of appeals overruled appellant's point of error and affirmed the judgment of the trial court. See Cabla v. State, 974 S.W.2d 927, 928 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1998).

This Court granted appellant's petition for discretionary review on the issue of "whether a State court may order restitution in a criminal case for an obligation based upon a debt which has been discharged by a federal court in a bankruptcy proceeding." We will affirm.

I.

Appellant worked as a general contractor in the home remodeling business in Houston. He received advance payments from the victims on remodeling and construction contracts. Appellant either completely failed to do the contracted work or performed below acceptable standards under the contracts. In December of 1994, appellant declared bankruptcy and alleged the money he owed on the contracts was discharged in that proceeding. In March of 1995, however, the State indicted appellant for theft of funds he received in payment on some of the contracts.

At trial, the State advanced the theory that appellant knew at the time he entered into the contracts that he could not perform promises made in those contracts. This pattern of behavior repeated with each of the nine complaining witnesses from August of 1992 through November of 1993. The State argued the pattern of behavior demonstrated both that appellant never intended to complete the contractual work and that he deceived victims into believing he would perform the promises in order to continue receiving their payments. The State asserted appellant knew he would never perform the promises. Instead, he used the promises to deceive victims out of their money.

Appellant argued this case involved civil issues best resolved in a civil court and claimed he was guilty only of having made bad business decisions. Appellant stated he planned to perform the promises made, and he did not have criminal intent to deceive any of the nine complaining witnesses out of their money. When he shut the doors to his business, appellant filed for bankruptcy under Chapter Seven of the Bankruptcy Code and listed every one of the complaining witnesses as a creditor. Appellant claimed the bankruptcy proceedings discharged each of these debts, and he accused the complaining witnesses of using criminal court to pursue collections on contractual debts.

The trial court ruled in favor of the State, finding appellant guilty of theft. The trial court took every instance of appellant's failure to perform a contract as evidence that appellant knew, at the time he received the money, he was not going to perform the contractual work. The trial court then decided to place appellant on community supervision and ordered him to pay restitution to the victims of the theft. Although the State sought $112,000 in restitution for the victims, the trial court determined appellant took $66,412.88 with no intention of performing the work for which they paid him. The trial court ordered appellant to pay $66,412.88 in restitution to the victims over the term of his community supervision. Appellant objected to the assessment of restitution, arguing the matter was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts, the claims had all been discharged in appellant's bankruptcy proceedings, and appellant's bankruptcy discharged any obligation to pay the victims. Appellant appealed this argument in a single point of error.

The court of appeals overruled appellant's point of error. The court relied upon the Supreme Court's opinion in Kelly v. Robinson, 479 U.S. 36, 50 (1986), wherein the Court decided that once restitution is imposed, a subsequent bankruptcy does not discharge the obligation. See Cabla, 974 S.W.2d at 928. Pointing to the Fifth Circuit's decision in United States v. Pepper, 51 F.3d 469, 473-74 (5th Cir.1995), the court of appeals concluded that a prior bankruptcy cannot prevent a court from ordering restitution of a victim whose claim had been discharged in bankruptcy. The court of appeals relied upon the Fifth Circuit's reasoning that a bankruptcy proceeding and a criminal prosecution are fundamentally different in both purpose and procedure and, therefore, the resolution of one proceeding will "seldom resolve" the other. See Cabla, 974 S.W.2d at 928. Because appellant had cited no authority to support his arguments, the court of appeals saw no reason to depart from the Federal courts's decisions on this matter. See id. Appellant requested this Court review the court of appeals's decision.

II.

There are inherent differences between the creditors and debtors of bankruptcy proceedings and the victims and defendants of criminal proceedings. These differences are reflected in the goals of the different proceedings. The Legislature adopted the Code of Criminal Procedure to govern our state's criminal proceedings with the goals of the "prevention, suppression and punishment of crime." See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.26. Restitution was intended to "adequately compensate the victim of the offense" in the course of punishing the criminal offender. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 9(a). These compensations include "property damage or medical expenses" sustained by the victim as a direct result of the offense. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 11(a)(14).

In this system, although restitution might appear to be a judgment benefitting the victim, "the context in which it is imposed undermines that conclusion. The victim has no control over the amount of restitution awarded or over the decision to award restitution." Kelly v. Robinson, 479 U.S. 36, 50 (1986). Control over payment of restitution remains solely with the trial court. The trial court's powers to fix the amount of restitution, the terms of payment, and to enforce the payment are non-delegable. See 42 George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure 38.121 at 686 (1995 & Supp. 1999). In Kelly, the Supreme Court also explained that restitution is a component of the criminal justice system "not operated primarily for the benefit of the victim, but for the benefit of society as a whole." Kelly v. Robinson, at 50. Society is benefitted by punishment, including restitution, that is directly related to the offenses for which a defendant has been charged and convicted.

This principle is reflected in the rules and limits governing the imposition of restitution orders. As punishment, restitution attempts to redress the wrongs for which a defendant has been charged and convicted in court. Martin v. State, 874 S.W.2d 674, 678 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)(" notions of justice and fairness dictate that a defendant be punished only for the crime of which he was convicted."). Restitution orders are focused on the victims of the offenses for which a defendant has been convicted. The legislature did not intend for restitution to be "ordered payable to persons, other than the victim of the offense of conviction, who also suffered as a result of a scheme of which the offense of conviction was a part." See id. at 677-78. This Court has concluded that the focus of restitution orders are limited to the individuals alleged and proven to be the victims of the charged offense. Id.; See also Ex parte Lewis, 892 S.W.2d 4, 6 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)(Limiting restitution orders to the proven victims of the charged offense is "equally applicable to restitution as a condition of probation.").

Additionally, the amount of a restitution order is limited to only the losses or expenses that the victim or victims proved they suffered as a result of the offense for which the defendant was convicted. See Gordon v. State, 707 S.W.2d 626, 629-30 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). In Gordon, this Court decided we would not allow the defendant to be punished "for a crime of which [he] was acquitted." Id. at 629. We explained that a trial court may not impose a restitution order based upon conduct having no basis in the record. Id. at 628; see also Cartwright v. State, 605 S.W.2d 287, 289 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980)(Principles of due process require there be evidence in the record to show a factual basis for the amount of restitution ordered.).

In contrast, the goal of the bankruptcy system is not to punish, but to allow the honest debtor to re-start his financial life. In Kelly v. Robinson, the Supreme Court described the goal of bankruptcy proceedings. "A bankruptcy proceeding is civil in nature and is intended to relieve an honest and unfortunate debtor of his debts and to permit him to begin his financial life anew." Kelly, 479 U.S. at 46. The debtor selects the chapter of the Bankruptcy Code according to whether he needs to completely start over or whether he only needs to re-organize his debts. In the former situation, the debtor files for liquidation of his debts, or straight bankruptcy, under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. "[Chapter 7's] purpose is to achieve a fair distribution to creditors of whatever non-exempt property the debtor has and to give the individual debtor a fresh start through the discharge in bankruptcy." George M. Treister et al, Fundamentals of Bankruptcy Law, 1.04, p. 17 (4^th ed. 1996). Any person is eligible for a Chapter 7 liquidation. See id. 3.01, at 115.

In contrast, the debtor files for adjustment of his debts under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. Chapter 13 is a rehabilitation vehicle for an individual with a regular income. The debtor's future earnings are budgeted to pay the creditors in whole or in part, and the debtor gets a fresh start from the discharge granted at the end of the case. See id. 1.04, at 19. A person must have a regular income with unsecured debts of less than $250,000 and secured debts of less than $750,000 to qualify for a Chapter 13 adjustment. See id. 3.01, at 117. An individual debtor or sole proprietor of a small business with a regular income may seek an arrangement with creditors under Chapter 13 in order to continue to operate his or her business. See Benjamin Weintraub, et al, Bankruptcy Law Manual 1.02[2], at 1-5 (3^rd ed. 1992).⁽¹⁾ The goal of a bankruptcy proceeding is to relieve the debtor of his financial obligations and permit the debtor to start his or her financial life over. The goals and purposes of restitution and bankruptcy differ greatly.

Therefore, this Court must decide in the instant case whether a trial court can order a defendant to pay restitution of a sum already discharged as an honest debt in a bankruptcy proceeding. As this is an issue of first impression before this Court, we shall look to prior decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court and the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals for guidance.

III.

In the instant case, appellant filed for a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. In Kelly v. Robinson, the inherent differences between the goal of the bankruptcy system and the goals of a restitution order led the Supreme Court to conclude a Chapter 7 liquidation of debt proceeding in bankruptcy cannot discharge a restitution obligation.

, [T]he Supreme Court was faced with the question of whether a state court restitution order imposed on a criminal defendant as a condition of probation in a larceny case involving the wrongful receipt of welfare benefits constituted a nondischargeable fine or penalty as opposed to compensation for actual pecuniary loss. Because criminal proceedings focus on the state's interests in rehabilitation and punishment, rather than the victim's desire for compensation, the Court concluded that restitution orders imposed in criminal cases are nondischargeable penalties payable for the benefit of a governmental unit and are not compensation for actual pecuniary loss.

Weintraub, supra, 3.09[7], at 3-67 n. 121.

Four years after the Supreme Court decided Kelly v. Robinson, it was called on to answer the question whether an individual could discharge a restitution obligation under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. In Pennsylvania v. Davenport, 495 U.S. 552, at 559-61 (1990), the Court concluded that restitution obligations could be discharged in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

Less than one year after the decision in Davenport, Congress rejected the Supreme Court's decision in Davenport by altering the provisions controlling Chapter 13 bankruptcies. Congress changed the Bankruptcy Code to prevent individuals from discharging restitution obligations under Chapter 13. The House of Representatives added paragraph (3) to Section 1328(a) of the Bankruptcy Code "so that criminal restitution payments will be non dischargeable in Chapter 13. As a result of the change, no debtor with criminal restitution obligations will be able to discharge them through any bankruptcy proceeding." H. Rep. No. 101-681 (1990), reprinted in 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6472, 6571. This change left unaltered the Court's decision in Kelly v. Robinson that criminal restitution payments were non-dischargeable under Chapter 7. The Senate passed a similar provision preventing "Federal bankruptcy courts from invalidating the results of state criminal proceedings." S. Rep. No. 101-434 (1990), reprinted in 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4065, 4071. As a result of these changes, a state criminal defendant cannot use a Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceeding to discharge his obligation under a restitution order. See 11 U.S.C. 1328(a)(3) (1994).

Even though appellant filed for a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, and not for a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, we view the reaction of Congress to the Davenport decision as affirming the pervasive differences between the goals of the criminal justice system and the bankruptcy system. The changes in the Code revealed the intent of Congress that restitution obligations imposed in criminal proceedings cannot be discharged in any personal bankruptcy proceedings. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has applied these principles in cases, similar to appellant's case, where the bankruptcy discharge preceded the criminal conviction.

In U.S. v. Carson, 669 F.2d 216 (5^th Cir. 1982), the Fifth Circuit concluded a trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering the defendant to pay restitution to a bank pursuant to his conviction for committing fraud in a loan application. Even though the debt had already been discharged in a bankruptcy,⁽²⁾ the only effect of the discharge was to extinguish the defendant's liability on any civil claim arising out of the loan. The Fifth Circuit concluded the district court properly ordered the defendant to pay restitution to the bank "[in] the amount of [the bank's] loss as a result of [the defendant's] offense. Discharge or not, [the bank's] loss was not extinguished by the defendant's bankruptcy; if anything, it was fixed thereby." Id. at 217. Probation is "designed as a mild and ambulatory form of punishment intended to serve as a reforming discipline." Therefore, "the bankruptcy discharge did not prevent restitution from being ordered to make the victim whole and to subject [the defendant] to reforming discipline." Id. at 217-18.

The Fifth Circuit revisited the same issue in U.S. v. Pepper, 51 F.3rd 469 (5^th Cir. 1995). In U.S. v. Pepper, the defendant discharged his debts in a bankruptcy proceeding.⁽³⁾ He was subsequently convicted in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas for aiding and abetting the commission of mail fraud, wire fraud and money laundering. The defendant had engaged in a scheme whereby he obtained the victims's money by promising they were investing in a telemarketing business selling water purifiers. He took the victims's money, never fulfilling his promise to purchase and re-sell water purifiers. The bankruptcy court treated the victims's money as loans made to the defendant and discharged them as debts. Therefore, the defendant argued that the district court could not order him to pay restitution to these investors because the debts had been discharged. The Fifth Circuit disagreed. See id. at 473.

The Fifth Circuit concluded,

[A] bankruptcy proceeding and a criminal prosecution are fundamentally different proceedings, both in purpose and procedure, and the causes of action resolved by each are totally different. The pursuit of one proceeding will seldom resolve the other. As such, we do not believe that a bankruptcy discharge has any effect on the district court's power to order restitution in a criminal case.

Id. The Fifth Circuit believed the defendant's bankruptcy discharge did nothing to relieve the loss suffered by the victims of his scheme. See id. at 474.

In Carson and Pepper, the bankruptcy proceedings preceded the criminal action, and the Fifth Circuit concluded restitution could still be ordered. Likewise, in the instant case, appellant also discharged his debts in bankruptcy proceedings before the State prosecuted him for theft. Following the decisions of the Supreme Court and the Fifth Circuit, we conclude appellant's Chapter 7 bankruptcy did not preemptively discharge his restitution obligation.

At trial and on appeal, appellant asserted the victims were manipulating the criminal justice system to pursue collection of a previously discharged civil debt. This assertion, however, obscures the fact that the trial court convicted appellant of the charged theft and found appellant acted with criminal intent to deceive the victims and unlawfully appropriate their money. The trial court awarded restitution to the victims based on proof in the record of the amount of money received by appellant as a result of his criminal deception of the victims ($66,412.88).⁽⁴⁾ The facts that the victims of appellant's offense were named as creditors in appellant's bankruptcy proceeding, or that the bankruptcy court discharged appellant's other "debts" prior to the conviction and restitution order, had no impact on the trial court's restitution order. The Supreme Court, the Congress and the Fifth Circuit have stated that restitution orders in criminal judgments cannot be discharged in bankruptcy proceedings.

If a restitution order lacks validity, or is suspected of lacking validity, or if the victims or the State are suspected of manipulating the process to collect a civil debt which has not been alleged or proven to have been criminally appropriated from them, that restitution order can be attacked on its own merits through the criminal process.⁽⁵⁾ For example, if a trial court awards an amount in a restitution order that exceeds the amount which was proven at trial to have been criminally appropriated, or if it awards restitution to an individual either not named as a victim in the indictment or not shown to be a victim at trial, or if it attempts to award restitution for a crime other than the crime for which the defendant was convicted, or if it awards restitution for conduct that had no basis in the record, then the restitution order may be attacked on those grounds. A reviewing court can then determine whether or not the restitution order is valid on its own merits based on the trial record before it. See Martin, 874 S.W.2d at 677-78; Gordon, 707 S.W.2d at 629-30.

We conclude appellant's previous Chapter 7 bankruptcy did not discharge the trial court's restitution orders in appellant's conditions of probation. Moreover, we conclude in the instant case the restitution orders were valid because the evidence at trial established appellant committed a crime against the alleged victims and that he was ordered to pay restitution in the amount proven to have been unlawfully appropriated from those victims. Appellant's ground for review is overruled. The decision of the trial court is affirmed.

HOLLAND, J.

Delivered on December 8, 1999.

Publish.

1. Under the Bankruptcy Code, debtors can file for discharge under special provisions other than Chapter 7 or Chapter 13. Other provisions in the code provide for bankruptcy filings for municipalities, businesses, or family farmers. "Governmental units, including municipalities, agencies, and other government bodies, may not commence a bankruptcy case for liquidation. This exclusion applies even if the municipality is incorporated. Municipalities may, however, seek relief under Chapter 9 for the adjustment of their debts." Weintraub, supra, 1.03[6], at 1-16. Chapter 11 is a "unified set of provisions for all kinds of reorganization, usually for debtors engaged in business, including individuals, partnerships and corporations, and for both publicly and closely held companies. It's goal is to rehabilitate a business as a going concern rather than to liquidate it." Chapter 12 is designed to give special relief to a family farmer with a regular annual income. See Treister, supra, 1.04, at 17-19.

2. The Fifth Circuit does not explain under which chapter of the Bankruptcy Code the defendant filed for bankruptcy.

3. The Fifth Circuit does not explain under which chapter of the Bankruptcy Code the defendant filed for bankruptcy.

4. The trial court did not issue a restitution order based on the amount of money which was claimed by the victims ($112,000), since the record did not support the conclusion that appellant criminally appropriated all of this amount from the victims.

5. The concurring opinion would have this Court determine the validity of the restitution order based upon an inquiry into the subjective intent of the prosecution. Under this theory, the courts would have to try to "determine whether a specific prosecution was initiated with the intent to frustrate the Bankruptcy Code." Ante, at ___, slip op. at 6. The concurring opinion sets forth a test which was used by the Bankruptcy Court of Minnesota in In re Brinkman, 123 B.R. 318 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1991), which was in turn relied upon by the Tenth Circuit in United States v. Kunzman, 125 F.3d 1363, 1366 (10^th Cir. 1997), ante, at ___, slip op. at 6, which would focus on the individual "prosecutor's subjective motivations for bringing an individual prosecution." Id. The Brinkman test is inapplicable for two reasons. First, the court's authority for this test was a Bankruptcy Court decision, In re Kaping, 13 B.R. 621, 623 (Bkrtcy. D. Or. 1981), which pre-dated both the Kelly v. Robinson decision in 1986 and the Congressional alterations of the Bankruptcy Code in 1990. Second, the court in Brinkman was influenced in reaching its conclusion by the fact the victim "had no input on how the case proceeds, the terms of a settlement or the possibility of restitution payments." In re Brinkman, 123 B.R. at 323. In appellant's case, and in every case in Texas involving restitution, that factor is systemic. In Texas, the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure controlling restitution effectively eliminate the victim from exerting any control or influence upon the trial court's decision to award restitution. See 42 George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure 38.121 at 686 (1995 & Supp. 1999). Also, the Supreme Court in Kelly v. Robinson commented on the lack of control and influence which a victim exerts in the decision to award restitution. Kelly, 479 U.S., at 50. We conclude the decision in In re Brinkman has little, if any, advisory value for the dispute before us in the instant case. Moreover, any inquiry into the subjective motivations of a prosecutor, defense attorney, victim or trial court would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to carry out.